Answer

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common virus. Scientists have identified over 200 types of HPV; around 40 types can be sexually transmitted, causing infections in the mucous membranes of the genitals, anus, mouth, and throat. About 15 types are high-risk, potentially leading to cancer, with types 16 and 18 being the most prevalent. These two HPV types are linked to over 70% of cervical cancer cases and increase the risk of vulvar, vaginal, penile, anal, and oropharyngeal cancers.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), persistent HPV infection in the cervix can lead to precancerous lesions and cancer. This process typically takes about 15-20 years or sometimes less. Cell changes caused by HPV depend on various factors: individual constitution, the oncogenic potential of the HPV type, immune status, co-infection with other sexually transmitted diseases, age at first pregnancy, number of births, and smoking. Occasionally, abnormal cells can progress to cancer in just 5-10 years.

A man comforts his girlfriend after she discovers she has HPV. Illustration: Vecteezy

HPV infection is common. Notably, most infections are asymptomatic and are only detected during health check-ups. However, infected individuals can still transmit the virus to partners through unprotected sexual contact.

Given your girlfriend's positive test for HPV types 16 and 18, she should follow her doctor's treatment plan and re-examination schedule. During treatment and follow-up, both of you should maintain a healthy lifestyle, ensure adequate nutrition, avoid staying up late, manage stress, refrain from smoking, and practice safe sex. These measures help reduce the risk of acquiring additional HPV types and other sexually transmitted infections.

You are also at risk of HPV exposure, as the virus is primarily sexually transmitted. Currently, there is no routine HPV screening test for men as there is for women. You should consult a doctor if you notice any unusual symptoms in your genitals, anus, or oropharyngeal area. Additionally, you can still receive the HPV vaccine to prevent other high-risk virus types.

Currently, Vietnam offers two types of HPV vaccines:

The 9-valent HPV vaccine (types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, 58) is available for males and females aged 9-45. Individuals aged 9 to under 15 require two doses, administered 6-12 months apart. Those aged 15-45 receive three doses within 6 months. Completing the vaccination schedule as recommended helps prevent over 90% of the virus types covered by the vaccine.

The 4-valent HPV vaccine (types 6, 11, 16, 18) is for females aged 9-26. Females aged 9 to under 14 receive two doses, administered 6-12 months apart. Those aged 14-26 receive three doses within 6 months.

Dr. Le Thi Minh Nguyet

Medical Manager, VNVC Vaccination System

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