Vitreous hemorrhage occurs when blood leaks into the vitreous cavity, a transparent, gel-like space located between the lens and the retina. This blood obstructs light transmission to the retina, leading to symptoms like blurred vision, black spots, cobwebs, or moving shadows. The severity of vision loss varies with the extent of the hemorrhage.

Several factors can cause vitreous hemorrhage. Eye trauma, particularly strong impacts to the eyeball or injuries from sharp objects, is a common culprit. Additionally, certain eye conditions, such as diabetic retinopathy, frequently lead to this issue. In advanced stages of diabetic retinopathy, abnormal blood vessels on the retina can rupture, allowing blood to leak into the vitreous cavity. Individuals with long-term, poorly controlled diabetes face a higher risk of this complication.

Doctor Hung examining a patient's eye. *Illustration: Tam Anh General Hospital*

Retinal tears or retinal detachment are also significant causes of vitreous hemorrhage. When the retina tears or separates from the underlying tissue layer, blood vessels can be damaged and bleed into the vitreous cavity. These are serious medical conditions requiring prompt detection and treatment to prevent permanent vision loss.

In some cases, vitreous hemorrhage may resolve without intervention, especially if the amount of blood is small and the underlying cause of bleeding has stopped. The body can gradually absorb the blood over time, potentially leading to improved vision. However, this absorption process is often slow, taking many weeks or months depending on the hemorrhage's severity.

Conversely, if the hemorrhage is large, if the blood is not absorbed, or if bleeding recurs, medical intervention may be necessary. Treatment focuses not only on clearing blood from the vitreous cavity but also on addressing the root cause, such as diabetic retinopathy, retinal tears, or retinal detachment. Only an ophthalmologist can accurately assess the damage and determine the appropriate course of action, whether monitoring or active treatment.

To reduce the risk of vitreous hemorrhage, individuals should effectively manage underlying conditions like diabetes and hypertension. Early treatment for any existing retinal diseases is also crucial. Protecting eyes with specialized eyewear during work or sports activities that carry a risk of injury can prevent damage to the eyeball. Regular eye examinations help detect retinal abnormalities early, before complications arise.

Seek prompt ophthalmological attention if you experience sudden blurred vision, an increase in floaters, flashes of light, or dark areas obscuring your vision.

Doctor Bui Viet Hung

Head of Vitreoretinal Department

High-Tech Eye Center

Tam Anh General Hospital Ha Noi