Mr. Giap, 70, developed a fever, productive cough, and shortness of breath 7 years after recovering from pulmonary tuberculosis, and was diagnosed with miliary tuberculosis – a severe form of tuberculosis where bacteria spread through the bloodstream.

Coughing up blood can indicate pneumonia, pulmonary tuberculosis, lung cancer, or pulmonary embolism.

Ms. Thanh, 32, who had pulmonary and bronchial tuberculosis, experienced sudden chest tightness and shortness of breath 6 months after recovery. Doctors diagnosed her with nearly 90% tracheal stenosis.