Doctor Tra Anh Duy, from Men's Health Center, notes that hot showers are a common habit for men, offering relaxation, stress reduction, and improved circulation. However, growing scientific evidence suggests that frequent exposure to high temperatures can negatively impact male reproductive health, especially sperm quality and testicular function.

The testicles are the organs responsible for producing sperm and testosterone. Spermatogenesis optimally occurs at a temperature 2-3 degrees Celsius lower than core body temperature. The scrotum acts as a natural "thermostat," with a vine-like network of blood vessels that helps cool arterial blood flowing to the testicles.

When men frequently take hot showers (40-43 degrees Celsius) or soak in hot tubs, the scrotal temperature rises. This inhibits spermatogenesis due to changes in the microenvironment within the seminiferous tubules. It also increases oxidative stress in the testicles, damages sperm DNA, and reduces testosterone secretion with prolonged exposure.

The habit of taking hot showers can harm male reproductive health. Illustration: Ngoc Pham.

Clinical studies indicate that frequent hot showers are linked to reduced sperm density, motility, and morphology.

A study published in the Journal of Andrology reported that a 1 degree Celsius increase in testicular temperature, compared to normal, led to an average 40% reduction in sperm density. Another study in Human Reproduction indicated that the risk of poor sperm motility increased 2,3 times in groups frequently exposed to high heat, such as those taking hot showers or working in occupations involving furnace exposure. The rate of sperm DNA fragmentation also increased by 35% after three months of regular hot showers, according to research in Fertility and Sterility.

Beyond direct effects on sperm, prolonged heat exposure can reduce testosterone by inhibiting Leydig cell function. Some studies have noted a slight but statistically significant decrease in testosterone levels among men who frequently use saunas. Compensatory increases in prolactin and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) reflect a disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis. According to research in the British Journal of Urology, men regularly exposed to high heat had average serum testosterone levels 18% lower.

Negative effects become pronounced if men soak in hot water for over 30 minutes and four or more times per week. Water temperatures above 40 degrees Celsius are clearly detrimental to testicular health. Additionally, factors like obesity, wearing tight underwear, and occupations involving heat exposure, such as welding, cooking, and long-haul driving, increase the risk.

However, many adverse effects of heat are reversible if exposure is avoided. Since spermatogenesis takes about 72-90 days, sperm quality can improve after discontinuing hot shower habits.

To prevent heat-related harm, men should avoid frequent hot water immersion above 40 degrees Celsius, especially if undergoing infertility treatment. Limit immersion time to under 15-20 minutes and avoid daily repetition. Alternative relaxation methods such as lukewarm showers, yoga, or meditation can be used.

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