Answer:

Pleural effusion is a condition where fluid accumulates between the two layers of the pleura. Normally, only 10-20 ml of fluid occupies this space to lubricate the lungs and facilitate smooth breathing. Excess fluid compresses the lungs, causing chest pain, shortness of breath, and fatigue.

Pleural effusion symptoms may be subtle initially. Some patients experience only fatigue, a dry cough, or mild chest discomfort. As fluid builds up, they may develop shortness of breath even at rest, with chest pain worsening during deep breaths, talking, or physical activity. In some cases, fever, productive cough, and leg swelling can also occur.

Pleural effusion can be cured with early diagnosis and aggressive treatment. Treatment success depends heavily on the underlying cause. Patients with pleural effusion caused by infection, tuberculosis, or heart failure generally have a good prognosis if they adhere to the prescribed treatment plan. Conversely, when pleural effusion occurs due to cancer, treatment is more complex because of the patient's weakened condition and the tendency for fluid to reaccumulate rapidly despite repeated drainage.

Since you have been diagnosed with pleural effusion, you should follow your doctor's recommended treatment plan and monitor for any unusual or worsening symptoms.

Several treatment options exist to improve the condition and quality of life for pleural effusion patients. Depending on the individual case, the amount of fluid, and the underlying cause, doctors may recommend observation or thoracentesis (a procedure to drain the fluid). This procedure typically doesn't require general anesthesia and has few complications. Patients can often go home the same day, experiencing relief from shortness of breath and chest pain.

Medical team performing a thoracoscopy to treat a patient with pleural effusion. Illustrative photo: Tam Anh General Hospital

Medical team performing a thoracoscopy to treat a patient with pleural effusion. Illustrative photo: Tam Anh General Hospital

If there is a large amount of fluid or if it reaccumulates quickly, a chest tube may be inserted. This method involves placing a sterile tube into the pleural space, connected to a drainage system to remove the fluid, allowing the lungs to re-expand and function normally.

Doctors may prescribe antibiotics for empyema (pus in the pleural space), anti-tuberculosis medication for tuberculosis, and chemotherapy or pleurodesis (a procedure to adhere the pleural layers together) for cancer patients to prevent rapid fluid reaccumulation.

Many patients who follow their treatment plans recover their respiratory function and return to normal activities. Recognizing warning signs, undergoing regular check-ups, and seeking timely intervention are crucial for recovery and reducing the risk of complications from pleural effusion.

Dr. Dao Phuong Thuy

Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tam Anh General Hospital, Hanoi