Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a condition that develops over time due to impaired kidney function. The primary role of the kidneys is to filter excess water and waste products from the blood, balance electrolytes in the body, and perform other supportive tasks. If waste products begin to accumulate, the body cannot control this buildup, leading to various health issues over time.

Chronic kidney disease is often a silent condition. Patients typically show no symptoms or feel any internal problems until routine check-ups are performed.

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To help patients and doctors understand the disease's progression, CKD is divided into five stages. The basis for these stages is the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), a blood test that measures how effectively the kidneys filter waste from the blood. A lower eGFR value can indicate reduced kidney function or early signs of chronic kidney disease (CKD).

The American Kidney Fund describes these stages as follows:

Stage one: Normal kidney function and mild eGFR (eGFR 90 or above)

In the initial stage, early signs of potential damage may appear while the kidneys are still functioning well. For example, protein or blood may be detected in a person's urine, signaling that the kidneys are under stress. Kidney function may still appear normal, but this is a crucial time for preventive action.

Many improvements can be achieved with simple lifestyle changes: controlling blood pressure, maintaining blood sugar within normal limits, adequate hydration, good nutrition, and avoiding unnecessary medications that stress the kidneys.

With focused healthcare at this stage, many individuals can live healthily for years without disease progression.

Stage two: Mild loss of kidney function (eGFR 60 to 89)

In stage two, the kidneys show a slight decline in their filtering and excretory capabilities. Symptoms are rare during this period, but regular blood and urine analyses can reveal problems. Doctors may recommend frequent monitoring of kidney health to identify any underlying disorders, such as diabetes or hypertension, which could cause minimal kidney function decline.

Maintaining a stable, kidney-friendly lifestyle is also important at this point. Reducing salt, processed foods, and alcohol, alongside physical activity, supports kidney health. Avoiding smoking and maintaining a healthy weight are also highly recommended. Early intervention at this stage can slow, or even prevent, the disease's progression.

Stage 3: Moderate kidney damage (eGFR 30 to 59)

By stage 3, there is a moderate decline in kidney function. Waste products may begin to accumulate in the blood, potentially causing symptoms that affect daily life. Some individuals start to feel fatigued, experience swelling in their hands or feet, muscle cramps, and changes in urination frequency.

Medical management becomes very important during this stage. Doctors may prescribe dietary changes to reduce the burden on the kidneys, including low-protein, low-phosphorus, and low-potassium diets. Medications to control blood pressure, treat anemia, and protect bone health are common. The goal at this stage is to slow further damage and prevent complications.

Stage 4: Severe kidney damage (eGFR 15 to 29)

Stage 4 involves severe kidney damage, with symptoms becoming more noticeable: nausea, loss of appetite, itching, swelling, and sleep problems. Kidneys at this stage no longer filter effectively enough, leading to a buildup of toxins within the body.

This is often the stage where more specialized medical intervention is needed. Patients typically consult doctors about their treatment options and prepare for the dialysis or kidney transplant they may eventually require.

A kidney-friendly diet also becomes very important, and most individuals find that close consultation with a renal dietitian can help manage their condition better.

Stage 5: Kidney failure (eGFR below 15)

Kidney failure, also known as end-stage renal disease, is the final stage of chronic kidney disease. During this stage, kidneys operate at less than 15% of their normal capacity. They can no longer effectively remove waste or balance fluids, necessitating dialysis or a kidney transplant to sustain life.

Symptoms at this stage can be quite intense. They include fatigue, shortness of breath, swelling, confusion, and changes in urine output. While dialysis helps remove waste from the body, many individuals also seek transplant options for a more long-term solution.

Early detection, regular monitoring, lifestyle changes, and medical support play crucial roles in managing kidney disease and improving overall quality of life.

A kidney-friendly diet reduces stress on these vital organs, helping to maintain optimal function and potentially slowing the progression of kidney disease. Consuming foods low in sodium, potassium, and phosphorus supports kidney health. Incorporating fresh fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains can further protect kidney function while providing essential nutrients.

My Y (According to Times of India)