In response to your question, prolonged exposure to high levels of fine dust, ozone, and sulfur dioxide in the air can severely irritate a child's nasal mucous membranes. This irritation often triggers or exacerbates asthma and rhinosinusitis in children.

Fine particulate matter, such as PM2.5 and PM1.0, originating from vehicle emissions, construction sites, burning straw, and waste, consists of microscopic particles with a diameter just one-thirtieth that of a human hair. These particles can penetrate deep into the lungs and then enter the bloodstream. Children are particularly vulnerable due to their smaller airways and underdeveloped immune systems, which reduce their ability to filter out dust and combat inflammatory agents.

Fine dust can trigger inflammatory responses in the epithelial lining of the airways, activating inflammatory cells. These cells release mediators like histamine, leukotriene, and prostaglandin, leading to bronchial spasms, mucosal edema, and increased mucus secretion. The accumulation of mucus in the nasal sinuses creates a favorable environment for viruses, bacteria, and fungi to cause infections.

Children residing in areas with high air pollution indices face an elevated risk of prolonged rhinosinusitis compared to those in cleaner environments. They may also experience delayed symptom onset as fine dust causes chronic inflammation in the airway lining. Frequent flare-ups of asthma and rhinosinusitis can lead to headaches, fatigue, discomfort, disturbed sleep, and reduced concentration in children.

During days with poor air quality index (AQI) readings, particularly 101 or higher, families should keep windows and doors closed and prevent children from outdoor activities. It is advisable to use air purifiers indoors, clean floors with a damp cloth, and avoid smoking inside the home. Daily nasal hygiene with saline solution helps clear dust from mucous membranes and aids in reducing inflammation.

Parents should also ensure children maintain a diet rich in vitamins C and A, and omega-3 to boost their immune system. It is important to ensure children receive all scheduled vaccinations and maintain good hand hygiene. Children with underlying conditions like asthma or allergic rhinitis must adhere to their prescribed treatment, attend regular check-ups, and have rescue medication ready as instructed by their doctor to prevent severe complications.

Dr. Do Thi Hanh

Pediatrics Department, Tam Anh General Hospital Hanoi