Hepatitis B is a dangerous infectious disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). It can lead to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer if not detected and treated promptly. Dr. Nguyen Thanh Huyen Van, from the Center for Endoscopy and Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgery at Tam Anh General Hospital in Ho Chi Minh City, explains that the early symptoms of hepatitis B are often subtle and easily overlooked or mistaken for common ailments. However, with careful attention, individuals can recognize these early signs.

Persistent fatigue: HBV infection can cause fatigue, lethargy, and lack of energy even without strenuous work or exercise. This is because the virus disrupts liver cell metabolism, impairing liver function and impacting blood filtration, energy conversion, and toxin removal.

Low-grade fever: This is one of the early signs of hepatitis B, especially fever in the afternoon or evening. The fever typically ranges from 37.5 to 38 degrees Celsius and lasts for several days without a clear cause. Because this symptom closely resembles the common cold, individuals often dismiss it or self-medicate with fever reducers without seeking medical attention, delaying diagnosis, according to Dr. Van.

Dr. Huyen Van examining a patient. Photo: Tam Anh General Hospital

Dr. Huyen Van examining a patient. Photo: Tam Anh General Hospital

Nausea and loss of appetite: The hepatitis B virus directly affects digestive function, causing frequent nausea, loss of appetite, early satiety, and a diminished sense of taste. Prolonged loss of appetite deprives the body of essential nutrients, leading to weight loss and weakness. Children with hepatitis B may exhibit poor appetite and slower growth compared to their peers.

Bloating and flatulence: Liver damage hinders bile metabolism. Individuals may experience bloating and flatulence, especially after eating or in the evening. Mild abdominal distension, accompanied by discomfort, can disrupt daily activities and sleep. This is also a warning sign of liver problems that requires prompt attention.

Digestive disorders: The liver plays a crucial role in regulating digestion. When this organ is compromised, individuals are prone to digestive disorders such as diarrhea, constipation, bloating, and belching. These symptoms become more pronounced after consuming foods high in fat or protein (such as meat, fish, and eggs).

Pain or discomfort in the right upper quadrant: Individuals may experience mild pain or discomfort in this area. The pain can be dull or more intense during strenuous activity or after meals rich in fat. This is a clear sign of liver damage, necessitating medical examination and an ultrasound to determine the exact cause.

Bone and joint pain: According to Dr. Van, many people are unaware that bone and joint pain can also be a manifestation of early-stage hepatitis B. This symptom occurs when the immune system reacts to the virus, causing inflammation in the joints. Individuals may experience mild pain, morning stiffness, back pain, or general muscle fatigue. However, because these symptoms are nonspecific, they are easily confused with common musculoskeletal conditions.

Dark urine: This occurs because the liver cannot metabolize and excrete bilirubin (an orange-yellow bile pigment). Bilirubin accumulates and is excreted in the urine. If the urine is unusually dark (turning dark orange, brown, or amber) and persists for several days without dehydration, it may indicate liver damage.

Jaundice: This symptom occurs when bilirubin accumulates in the blood and seeps into the tissues under the skin and eyes. Initially, the eyes become slightly yellow, followed by yellowing of the entire body. However, this symptom usually appears when liver damage is already significant in the later stages of the disease.

Itchy skin and rash: In some cases, individuals with hepatitis B may experience itchy skin and a mild rash. This symptom arises when toxins are not effectively eliminated by the liver, leading to irritation of the nerves under the skin. The immune response to the hepatitis B virus can also cause skin damage, resulting in red patches or itchy rashes.

Dr. Van emphasizes that early symptoms of hepatitis B can be subtle and easily confused with common illnesses. It is therefore essential to pay attention to any unusual changes in the body. High-risk groups, such as healthcare workers, people living in endemic areas, and pregnant women, should undergo regular testing for early detection and effective treatment.

Thao Nhi