Nail cancer (subungual melanoma) is a rare but serious form of skin cancer. It develops under the nail, often as a dark streak running vertically down the nail. Melanoma develops due to overexposure to sunlight and ultraviolet (UV) rays. Consequently, body parts exposed to a lot of sunlight are at higher risk. The initial signs of this cancer are not always easy to spot, making it difficult to detect. Here are 5 warning signs.

Black streaks or bands under the nail: One of the common early signs of nail cancer is a brown or black streak running vertically under the nail. This streak is usually about 3 mm wide but can grow larger over time. This sign is easily confused with a bruise (caused by injury), which doesn't heal or move as the nail grows.

This dark line is often on the thumb or big toe but can appear on any nail. Dark streaks under the nail not caused by injury, or those that are growing larger and changing shape, should be checked early.

Nail separating from the skin: Another symptom to watch out for is when the nail starts to lift or separate from the underlying skin (nail bed). Nail separation is usually painless at first, but can become uncomfortable as the cancer progresses. This symptom is often overlooked because many people assume the cause is damaged nails or an injury causing infection.

Nail discoloration: Nail cancer can cause nail discoloration, such as black, brown, or red. The skin around the nail may also darken or show changes in pigmentation. Darkening or unusual color changes in or around the nail can sometimes be difficult to notice and easily overlooked, especially in people with naturally darker skin tones.

Nail deformity: Nail cancer can cause the nail to thin, crack, split, or become deformed. The nail may look uneven or damaged. Sometimes it becomes indented or stops growing altogether. These changes are often mistaken for nail fungus or injury, but if they persist or worsen without treatment, they may be a sign of cancer.

Bleeding: As nail cancer progresses, patients may notice bleeding under the nail, ulcer formation, or small lumps. These indicate that the cancer is affecting deeper tissues and causing damage. Nodules or lumps can sometimes push the nail up from the skin or cause discomfort. These signs are very serious and require prompt medical attention.

Bao Bao (Times of India)