Thickened and adherent pleura: complications and prevention

Persistent pleural thickening and adherence can lead to partial lung collapse, reduced respiratory function, recurrent infections, or worsen existing lung conditions.

Pleural thickening and adherence occurs when the membrane surrounding the lungs becomes damaged and scarred after inflammation, fluid buildup, or complications from respiratory diseases. Accumulated inflammatory fluid or residue thickens the pleura, potentially causing it to stick together and lose elasticity. This loss of elasticity hinders normal lung expansion, leading to difficulty breathing. Common symptoms include shortness of breath, chest pain, pain during deep breaths, forceful exhalation, sneezing, coughing, fatigue, and fever.

Doctor Dang Thanh Do, a pulmonologist at Tam Anh General Hospital in Hanoi, explains that while pleural thickening and adherence isn't immediately life-threatening in most cases, if left undiagnosed and untreated, it can lead to several complications affecting respiration and quality of life.

One of the most significant complications is restricted breathing. The thickened and inelastic pleura prevents the lungs from fully expanding, reducing lung volume and impairing gas exchange. Pleural adhesions can also cause partial or complete lung collapse, resulting in prolonged breathing difficulties, especially during exertion. In cases of extensive, persistent thickening and adherence without proper rehabilitation, chronic respiratory failure can develop.

Several factors can contribute to pleural thickening and adherence. Prolonged exposure to and inhalation of dust or asbestos fibers is a significant risk factor. Other causes include pneumonia, tuberculosis, pleural effusion, rib injuries (trauma, fractures), benign or malignant tumors, and undergoing chemotherapy or radiation therapy.

Doctor Do notes that early symptoms are often vague and difficult to recognize, emphasizing the importance of regular checkups and proactive preventive measures, especially for individuals with a history of asbestos exposure. Early detection of pleural damage allows for timely intervention and improves treatment outcomes. Anyone experiencing persistent breathing difficulties or chest discomfort should consult a doctor.

Monitoring and appropriate treatment are crucial, particularly for those with a history of pleurisy, pleural effusion, or chest surgery, to prevent complications.