The first trimester of pregnancy is a crucial period for the formation of vital fetal organs such as the heart, spinal cord, brain, liver, and lungs. Hormonal changes within the mother's body can lead to unusual psychological and physical shifts, potentially affecting the fetus's overall development.

According to Doctor of Medicine (Specialty I) Dao Thi Yen Thuy, Head of the Nutrition and Dietetics Department at Tam Anh General Hospital TP HCM, the nutritional needs of expectant mothers during the first trimester must ensure all necessary nutrients for fetal development. Mothers need to supplement essential micronutrients such as folic acid, iron, calcium, and protein.

**Fruits and Vegetables**

Fruits and vegetables provide abundant vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. Varieties like lettuce, kale, spinach, broccoli, and bok choy are rich in folic acid, vitamins A, B, C, E, K, fiber, iron, magnesium, potassium, and calcium. These nutrients help enrich blood and contribute to preventing neural tube defects in the fetus during the first trimester.

Pregnant women should also incorporate oranges, tangerines, grapefruits, bananas, strawberries, mangoes, pears, avocados, pomegranates, and grapes. These foods enhance iron absorption, boost immunity, help mothers limit sweet cravings, and maintain stable weight.

**Meat and Fish**

Protein from meat and fish aids in the development of fetal muscles and other tissues. Red meats (pork, beef, red fish) and white meats (poultry, white fish, tofu) also provide vital minerals like zinc, vitamins A, B, D, E, phosphorus, calcium, and especially iron. During the first trimester, pregnant women are prone to anemia due to a surge in iron requirements.

Salmon, herring, anchovies, and cod have high levels of omega-3 fatty acids, particularly DHA. This nutrient is essential for supporting the development of the fetal brain and vision.

Healthcare staff prepare a nutritious meal for a pregnant woman. *Photo: Tam Anh General Hospital*

**Eggs**

Eggs are rich in high-quality protein, helping expectant mothers feel full longer and boosting metabolism to manage weight. Egg yolks also contain vitamins D, B2, B12, iron, zinc, and notably, choline. Choline plays a vital role in fetal brain development, preventing spinal and brain abnormalities. According to Doctor Yen Thuy, mothers should eat thoroughly cooked eggs, about 2-5 eggs per week, during the first trimester of pregnancy.

**Whole Grains**

Fiber, iron, vitamin B, and folic acid found in whole grains like oats, quinoa, and brown rice provide energy and help maintain a healthy digestive system for pregnant women. During the first trimester, expectant mothers should regularly consume whole grains to prevent constipation and hemorrhoids, which are common pregnancy symptoms.

**Milk and Dairy Products**

Supplementing with pregnancy milk, pasteurized fresh cow's milk, or other dairy products ensures adequate calcium and vitamin D, crucial for the baby's strong bone and teeth development. Mothers can drink milk both on an empty stomach and after meals. Women with gestational diabetes should opt for unsweetened fresh milk or diabetic-friendly milk. Consuming yogurt helps reduce constipation during pregnancy due to its beneficial probiotics for the digestive system.

During the first trimester, providing a full and varied range of nutrients is vital. Expectant mothers should not restrict their diet excessively or follow a vegetarian diet that could lead to nutrient deficiencies. The Doctor of Medicine (Specialty I) advises against consuming raw meat and seafood during this early stage of pregnancy due to the high risk of infection. Limit seafood high in mercury, such as ocean tuna or swordfish, to protect fetal brain health. Expectant mothers should avoid stimulants like alcohol, beer, and caffeine to prevent adverse effects on the baby's nervous and respiratory systems. Pregnant women should also avoid fast food and processed foods high in sugar, salt, and fat.

Pregnant women need regular check-ups with obstetrics and gynecology specialists and nutritionists. Based on the mother's physical condition and the fetus's developmental indicators, doctors can provide tailored dietary advice.

Quoc An