Melasma is a chronic hyperpigmentation condition, appearing as dark patches or spots, typically on the forehead, cheeks, nose, and chin. It commonly affects women aged 20-50, especially during pregnancy, postpartum, or periods of hormonal fluctuation.

According to Doctor of First Degree Specialization Vo Thi Tuong Duy, from the Dermatology - Aesthetic Dermatology Unit at Tam Anh District 7 General Clinic, melasma is not merely a cosmetic concern but a complex pigment disorder influenced by both internal and external bodily factors. This explains why melasma can appear or recur despite diligent skincare and consistent use of cosmetic products.

Endogenous factors like genetics, gender, and hormonal imbalances play a significant role. Women who are pregnant, postpartum, use birth control pills, have thyroid dysfunction, or are in pre-menopause or menopause face a high risk of melasma. The aging process also disrupts pigment cell activity, leading to abnormal melanin overproduction.

Exogenous factors, such as ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunlight, are primary triggers for melanin production. Blue light from phones and computers, environmental pollution, unsuitable cosmetic products, or prolonged improper skincare routines can all weaken the skin's protective barrier, facilitating melasma formation and darkening.

Doctor Duy consults a patient. Illustration photo: Tam Anh District 7 General Clinic.

Doctor Duy consults a patient. Illustration photo: Tam Anh District 7 General Clinic.

A common reason for ineffective melasma treatment is the failure to correctly identify the type of melasma. Melasma is categorized into superficial, deep, and mixed types, each with distinct formation mechanisms and treatment approaches. Doctor Duy notes that many individuals focus solely on skin lightening with cosmetic products or topical creams without assessing the depth of the pigment in the skin. This can lead to temporary fading, but melasma often recurs, potentially even darkening if treatment continues incorrectly.

According to Doctor Duy, no melasma treatment offers immediate results. Treatment must be individualized for each person and closely monitored by a dermatologist. Even after improvement, patients need to maintain a long-term skincare regimen to minimize recurrence.

Doctors often combine multiple methods to control melanin production. Topical and oral medications containing melanin-inhibiting active ingredients help lighten the skin, proving more suitable for superficial melasma cases and requiring extended use. Doctor Duy states that pico laser is effective in treating hyperpigmentation disorders. This technology uses ultra-short laser pulses to break down melanin particles into tiny fragments, allowing the body to gradually eliminate them. Pico laser is particularly well-suited for mixed or deep melasma cases, also reducing the risk of post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation compared to older technologies.

If melasma persists, patients should visit a hospital with a Dermatology - Aesthetic Dermatology department for a doctor's examination and a suitable treatment plan.

Minh Huong