While cancer is often seen as a result of environmental and lifestyle factors, in some cases, the risk of developing the disease can be linked to inherited gene mutations within a family, increasing the likelihood of cancer developing across generations.

Hereditary cancer cases account for a low percentage of total diagnoses but frequently appear at a younger age or affect multiple family members. Individuals carrying a gene mutation are not guaranteed to develop cancer, but they face a higher risk than the general population. Understanding family medical history and proactively undergoing screenings are crucial for early detection and timely intervention.

Breast cancer

Breast cancer is one of the most recognized hereditary cancers, primarily linked to BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations. Women with BRCA mutations face a breast cancer risk of up to 60-80%, compared to about 12% in those without these mutations. Additionally, gene mutations such as TP53, PTEN, and PALB2 also elevate the risk of developing this disease. For high-risk groups, experts recommend starting early screenings, typically around 25-30 years of age, prioritizing regular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and combining it with mammography when appropriate. Regular self-breast exams, clinical exams, maintaining a healthy weight, and limiting alcohol consumption also contribute to reducing the overall risk.

Ovarian cancer

Hereditary ovarian cancer is often associated with BRCA mutations and Lynch syndrome. A dangerous characteristic is that the disease is often detected late due to vague symptoms. High-risk women may be advised to begin screenings in their late 20s or early 30s through gynecological exams, ultrasounds, and blood tests. In some cases, after completing their childbearing plans, doctors may recommend prophylactic surgery to remove the ovaries and fallopian tubes to reduce risk.

Colorectal cancer

Lynch syndrome and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) are two common hereditary causes. These conditions can lead to early onset colorectal cancer, even in adolescence or early adulthood. Individuals with hereditary risk require earlier and more frequent colonoscopies to detect and remove precancerous polyps. A diet rich in fiber, limiting processed meats, and maintaining physical activity also help.

Prostate cancer

Prostate cancer is less commonly discussed among hereditary cancers, but certain gene mutations can double or triple the risk, especially in men with family members who developed the disease at a young age. High-risk groups may begin screenings around 40 years of age, or even earlier depending on family history, as advised by a doctor. Maintaining a healthy weight and a diet rich in green vegetables, fruits, and whole grains benefits long-term health.

Melanoma

Beyond environmental factors, skin cancer, particularly melanoma, can also be linked to inherited gene mutations. Gene mutations like CDKN2A are often implicated and can cause the disease to appear early in multiple family members. Recommendations include skin exams, sun protection, and monitoring moles for changes in size, shape, color, or other unusual characteristics.

Bao Bao (According to Times of India)