Anemia occurs when the body does not produce enough healthy red blood cells, often due to a lack of hemoglobin, the protein responsible for transporting oxygen to tissues. Iron-deficiency anemia is a common form, which can be linked to micronutrient deficiencies, diseases, or bone marrow disorders. Warning signs include fatigue, shortness of breath, and dizziness. Anemia can also affect the eyes by damaging blood vessels in the retina.

Blue or yellow sclera

A blue discoloration of the sclera is common in individuals with iron-deficiency anemia. Iron deficiency thins the collagen fibers in the sclera, making the darker underlying uveal layer more visible. This causes the white of the eye to appear blue-gray or pale yellow, especially in severe cases. Anemia can also cause jaundice and a yellow sclera when bilirubin accumulates because the liver cannot process it quickly.

Pale eyelids

In healthy individuals, the inner lining of the eyelids is pink or light red. With anemia, this area often becomes paler, easily noticeable when the lower eyelid is pulled down.

White spots in the eyes

These are fuzzy, spongy white patches that appear on the retina, with cloud-like edges. These spots are often small, yellow, white, or gray, and may relate to retinal blood vessel obstruction. They typically do not cause visual symptoms unless they appear in the central retina.

Retinal hemorrhage and transient edema

Low oxygen levels in the eyes damage the retina's blood vessels, causing vessel walls to rupture and leak. Retinal hemorrhage can also lead to fluid accumulation and swelling on the retina, known as retinal edema.

Anemia can progress quickly or slowly depending on its cause and requires appropriate treatment. Measures include medications to support red blood cell production, immune regulation, or iron and vitamin B12 supplements for nutritional deficiencies. Consuming vitamin C-rich foods, such as fruits and vegetables, helps increase iron absorption and supports red blood cell production.

Bao Bao (According to Medical News Today)