Chronic bronchitis is a respiratory condition, categorized under chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It develops from recurrent acute bronchitis episodes that are not fully resolved, leading to persistent inflammation of the bronchial lining, increased mucus production, and narrowed airways. Patients typically experience a persistent cough with phlegm production for over three months annually, recurring for at least two consecutive years, accompanied by noticeable shortness of breath.

Prolonged airway obstruction impairs respiratory function, potentially progressing to more severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and ultimately leading to respiratory failure. Patients face a high risk of acute respiratory failure episodes, which can be life-threatening if not managed appropriately.

A doctor evaluates a CT scan of a patient with chronic bronchitis. *Illustration: Tam Anh General Hospital*.

Chronic bronchitis primarily stems from smoking or regular exposure to secondhand smoke, which damages the airways and diminishes their natural self-cleaning ability. Living and working in polluted environments, laden with smoke, dust, emissions, and harmful chemicals, also heightens the risk of chronic inflammation. Individuals with weak immune systems are prone to recurrent acute bronchitis episodes, with accumulated damage eventually progressing to chronic bronchitis.

Treatment focuses on managing symptoms and slowing the disease's progression. Patients often use bronchodilators to improve airflow. Severe cases may require additional anti-inflammatory drugs for the airways. Alongside medication, pulmonary rehabilitation—including breathing exercises, suitable physical activity, and a proper diet—helps improve respiratory function. Patients with excessive mucus production or respiratory failure can breathe more easily by adopting mucus clearance techniques and oxygen therapy.

Patients experiencing prolonged coughing with phlegm and recurrent shortness of breath for many years require long-term monitoring and treatment. They should quit smoking (if applicable), limit exposure to polluted environments, and undergo regular check-ups at specialized medical facilities to control symptoms, slow disease progression, and reduce long-term health risks.

Master, Doctor Phung Thi Thom

Department of Respiratory

Tam Anh General Hospital Hanoi