Abnormal vaginal discharge, characterized by changes in color, odor, or consistency, often signals an underlying health issue. While a common concern, foul-smelling discharge is a symptom of various conditions, including sexually transmitted infections (STIs) like genital warts, as well as gynecological infections or other physiological changes.

Normal vaginal discharge is typically clear or whitish, odorless, and does not cause itching. However, if discharge becomes yellow, green, or brown, develops an unpleasant odor, or is accompanied by itching, burning, or bleeding outside of your menstrual period, these are indicators of potential problems. Such changes may point to gynecological infections, STIs, polyps, fibroids, or even cervical cancer.

Specific STIs, including gonorrhea, genital warts, syphilis, and genital herpes, can also cause abnormal changes in the color, smell, and nature of vaginal discharge. Nevertheless, a foul odor can sometimes be a temporary physiological reaction due to hormonal fluctuations, perimenopause, birth control use, prolonged stress, unsafe sexual intercourse, frequent consumption of spicy foods, or alcohol intake.

Abnormal vaginal discharge can indicate various conditions, requiring attention to prevention. *Illustration: Vecteezy*

Genital warts, caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), typically manifest as soft, pink or white lesions. These lesions often coalesce into cauliflower-like clusters, may bleed, produce discharge, and cause pain during sexual intercourse. If left untreated, genital warts can lead to serious complications such as infertility, pregnancy complications, and an increased risk of cervical or vaginal cancer.

Therefore, if you experience abnormal vaginal discharge or notice unusual lesions, it is crucial to seek medical attention. A doctor can perform a pelvic examination, colposcopy, HPV test, or cervical cancer screening to determine the cause and recommend an appropriate treatment regimen. During treatment, it is important to adhere to the doctor's instructions, abstain from sexual intercourse, keep the genital area clean and dry, and attend regular follow-up appointments.

Early HPV vaccination is an effective preventive measure against genital warts and related cancers. Currently, two types of HPV vaccines are available: Gardasil, which protects against 4 types of HPV, and Gardasil 9, a new-generation vaccine that protects against 9 types. Gardasil 9 is administered to both males and females from 9 to 45 years old. Individuals aged 9 to under 15 receive two doses, 6-12 months apart, while those aged 15 to 45 receive three doses within 6 months.

Doctor Nguyen Van Mac Toan

Medical Manager, VNVC Vaccination System

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