Genetics

Genes can influence various aspects of weight management, including metabolic rate, appetite, and the ability to feel full after eating. Certain genetic disorders, such as Prader-Willi syndrome, can lead to increased hunger and a tendency to overeat, making weight control more challenging. However, these cases are uncommon.

Hormones

Hormone fluctuations can affect hunger, metabolic rate, and body fat distribution. For example, declining estrogen levels during perimenopause and menopause are linked to increased abdominal fat accumulation, though weight gain during this period often results from a combination of factors.

Cortisol, known as the stress hormone, can promote fat storage when elevated for prolonged periods. Ghrelin stimulates hunger, while leptin helps create a feeling of fullness after eating. An imbalance between these hormones can impact weight. Insulin, produced by the pancreas, regulates blood sugar. When the body develops insulin resistance, the risk of fat storage may increase.

Metabolism

Metabolism is the process by which the body converts food into energy. The basal metabolic rate typically decreases with age, especially as muscle mass declines, making weight management more challenging. Many other factors also influence this process, including physical activity levels, muscle mass, and body fat percentage.

Lifestyle factors

Lifestyle plays a crucial role in weight management. Sedentary habits, prolonged sitting, and a diet rich in sweets, fast food, and processed foods can increase overall calorie intake. Additionally, consuming excessive alcohol or sugary drinks, sleep deprivation, and chronic stress can affect hormones regulating hunger and satiety, thereby increasing the risk of weight gain.

Daily eating habits affect weight. Photo: Bui Thuy

Mental health

Mental health can impact weight in several ways. Chronic stress can lead to emotional eating, disrupt sleep, and alter hunger-satiety regulating hormones.

Depression or fatigue can reduce motivation for physical activity and daily routines. Certain biochemical changes in the body, such as serotonin fluctuations, can influence appetite, especially for carbohydrate-rich foods.

Medical conditions

Weight gain is a side effect of certain medications, including those for psychiatric conditions, diabetes, and epilepsy. Furthermore, several medical conditions can make weight loss challenging, such as Cushing's syndrome, heart failure, hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid), kidney disease, polycystic ovary syndrome, and sleep apnea.

By Anh Chi (Source: Very Well Health)