Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a condition that damages the macula – the most important central area of the retina. This region is densely packed with light-sensing cells that create sharp images and enable color perception. When the macula is damaged, central vision gradually declines over time, making it difficult for patients to read, recognize faces, or perform tasks requiring high precision.

According to Doctor Bui Viet Hung, Head of the Vitreoretinal Department, High-Tech Eye Center, Tam Anh General Hospital Hanoi, age is the biggest risk factor for AMD. Additionally, smoking, high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, obesity, a family history, or a diet lacking omega-3 and dark leafy greens can also increase the risk of macular degeneration.

Doctor Hung examines a patient's eyes. *Illustration: Tam Anh General Hospital*

The disease is divided into two main forms: dry and wet. The dry form is more common and progresses slowly as macular cells gradually degenerate, retinal tissue thins, and deposits called drusen accumulate. This condition typically affects both eyes but develops silently over a long period.

Conversely, the wet form is less common but more dangerous due to the growth of abnormal blood vessels under the retina. These vessels leak fluid or blood and can form scar tissue, leading to rapid vision loss. This form usually begins in one eye but can spread to the other if not managed.

Symptoms also differ between the two forms. In the dry form, central vision decreases gradually; patients may experience blurry images, difficulty seeing fine details, or require more light when reading. As the disease progresses, a central blind spot may appear.

In contrast, the wet form often progresses rapidly, with symptoms such as distorted vision, straight lines appearing wavy or bent, and a central blurry area developing in a short time. Peripheral vision is usually preserved, but reading, watching television, or recognizing faces becomes challenging.

Currently, there is no method to fully restore damage in the dry form. However, lifestyle changes can help slow down the degeneration process. Patients should quit smoking, control blood pressure and cholesterol, maintain a healthy weight, and increase their intake of foods rich in omega-3, lutein, and dark leafy greens.

For the wet form, treatment primarily involves intravitreal injections to inhibit the growth of abnormal blood vessels. In some cases, laser therapy may be combined to help preserve vision.

Doctor Hung advises individuals over 50 or those with risk factors to undergo regular eye exams for early detection of retinal abnormalities. If symptoms like blurry vision, distorted images, or a central blind spot appear, prompt examination is necessary for timely diagnosis and intervention to limit the risk of vision loss.

Thu Giang