Oral cancer is the most common head and neck cancer, primarily affecting individuals over 45 years old. This cancer impacts the lips, the front of the tongue, the roof of the mouth, and the floor of the mouth. It can also affect the oropharynx (the back of the tongue), the soft palate, the tonsils, and the sides and back of the throat.

According to Cleveland Clinic, several factors increase the risk of oral cancer, including smoking, chewing betel quid, frequent alcohol consumption, and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Additionally, daily dietary habits, such as eating a lot of processed meat, can cause inflammation, creating conditions for oral cancer development. Common types of processed meat include bacon, cold cuts, sausages, and cured sausages.

**Processed Meats Contain Cancer-Linked Compounds**

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies processed meat as Group one – a group of agents carcinogenic to humans. These products often contain nitrates and nitrites, preservatives added during processing to extend shelf life. Under certain conditions, these substances can transform into N-nitroso compounds, which are believed to be linked to cancer risk.

A high intake of processed meats, including bacon, sausages, ham, cured sausages, and various cold cuts, is associated with an increased risk of oral cavity cancer, oropharyngeal cancer, and other cancers such as breast cancer and prostate cancer.

Processed meat is marinated with preservatives and high in salt. *Photo: Anh Chi*

**Harmful Chemicals Affect Cells**

According to Eating Well, regularly frying bacon or grilling sausages over an open flame can further increase the risk of certain cancers. Grilled, smoked, and charred meats cooked at high temperatures produce chemicals called polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAA). These substances can directly damage DNA in cells, promoting cancer through mechanisms including DNA damage and oxidative stress.

**Chronic Inflammation Promoted**

Frequent consumption of processed meat can contribute to chronic inflammation. An inflammatory diet leads to chronic inflammation in the mouth, which over time reduces the body's ability to repair damaged cells. Furthermore, heme iron found in processed red meat may also contribute to cancer development.

**Oral Microbiome Altered**

A poor diet alters the natural bacterial system in the mouth. The mouth is home to over 700 bacterial species, many of which help maintain oral and overall health. When this microbiome is imbalanced, it can lead to dysbiosis in the oral cavity, causing inflammation and creating conditions for oral cancer development.

According to WebMD, common symptoms of oral cancer include mouth sores that do not heal within 2-3 weeks, discolored patches, or unexplained red or speckled patches on the tongue, gums, or mouth lining. This type of cancer can also cause unexplained tumors, lumps, pain, or numbness in the lips, cheeks, or gums.

To reduce the risk of oral cancer, individuals should quit smoking and avoid secondhand smoke, and limit alcohol consumption. Prioritize plants and vegetables as they contain phytochemicals and antioxidants, helping to protect the body from cancer. Maintaining good oral hygiene helps reduce inflammation and control harmful bacteria. Getting the HPV vaccine helps prevent HPV – an agent linked to some oropharyngeal and oral cavity cancers.

Anh Chi (Compiled)