A small fetus encompasses two conditions: small for gestational age (SGA) and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). This condition can stem from a deficiency of oxygen and nutrients reaching the fetus or congenital growth disorders. These issues are often related to abnormalities in the mother, the placenta, or the fetus itself.

Maternal factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, or poor nutrition can restrict placental function and fetal development. Mothers with chronic conditions such as diabetes, anemia, heart disease, esophagitis, or autoimmune diseases like lupus erythematosus also contribute to a small fetus. Impaired placental function, mosaic genetic abnormalities in the placenta, velamentous cord insertion, or low amniotic fluid levels can hinder nutrient transfer from the placenta to the fetus. Multiple pregnancies also increase the risk of a small fetus. Genetic abnormalities, congenital malformations, or developmental issues in the fetus also cause growth delays.

Doctors assess three key factors: the baby's health, placental quality, and the mother's medical conditions. If the cause is due to the mother's inappropriate diet, doctors will advise on scientific nutrition and protein supplementation. In such cases, the fetus can often catch up on its growth trajectory after one to two weeks.

Meals for pregnant mothers at Tam Anh General Hospital. Photo: Hospital provided

Pregnant women need to consume the correct nutrient groups for optimal fetal metabolism. Mothers should prioritize protein from beef, chicken, eggs, low-sugar milk, dairy products, tofu, and nuts to boost energy for fetal development. Supplementing with omega-3, calcium, iron, and folic acid as prescribed by a doctor ensures sufficient nutrients for the fetus. To ensure continuous nutrient absorption and prevent bloating, divide meals into five to six smaller portions a day, combining them with fruits and vegetables. Drinking enough water increases blood volume and improves amniotic fluid levels.

If the cause stems from placental issues or congenital abnormalities in the fetus, treatment is complex, and the fetus often struggles to reach an ideal weight. In these cases, the primary goal is to keep the baby safe in the womb for as long as possible. Doctors closely manage the pregnancy through regular Doppler ultrasounds, amniotic fluid index measurements, and fetal heart rate monitoring.

If the pregnancy progresses stably, mothers can carry the baby until 37 to 39 weeks. In cases of abnormalities, doctors may recommend delivery before 37 weeks. If the baby is born prematurely before 34 weeks, the mother will receive lung maturation injections to reduce the risk of respiratory distress for the baby after birth.

It is advisable to consult a specialized medical center for a comprehensive pregnancy assessment. Doctors can then create a suitable monitoring plan to ensure the safety of both mother and fetus.

Dr. Nguyen Phuong Thao, MSc

Fetal Medicine Unit

Tam Anh General Clinic, District 7