Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common sexually transmitted infection with over 100 different strains. Low-risk strains often cause warts and are treatable. High-risk strains can lead to abnormal cells and various cancers if not detected early.
HPV 6 and HPV 11 are low-risk strains, accounting for about 90% of genital wart cases. Warts typically appear a few weeks or months after exposure, presenting as cauliflower-like growths on the genitals.
Vaccination can prevent HPV 6 and 11, and it is highly effective for individuals 9-26 years old. Vaccination is recommended before sexual activity begins. For those already infected, doctors prescribe topical medication to treat genital warts.
HPV 16 and HPV 18 are high-risk strains that cause cancer. HPV 16 is the most common, often causing no symptoms, but it can lead to cervical cell changes. It accounts for about 50% of cervical cancer cases globally. HPV 18 also presents a high risk and is often silent. Together with HPV 16, it causes about 70% of cervical cancer cases. Depending on the immune system, the disease can develop over 5-20 years.
Beyond cervical cancer, HPV 16 and 18 are linked to other cancers, including vulvar, vaginal, penile, anal, oral, and throat cancers. Vaccination can prevent multiple HPV strains, including HPV 16 and 18.
Eight other strains—31, 33, 35, 45, 51, 52, 56, and 58—are also associated with cervical cancer but are less common. Other strains, such as HPV 39, are linked to anal cancer, while HPV 59 is associated with cervical, anal, and throat cancers.
Most sexually active individuals will contract at least one HPV strain in their lifetime. Identifying the specific strain helps doctors determine the next course of treatment. Some strains may clear on their own, while high-risk strains require monitoring and treatment when necessary.
A Pap test helps screen for cervical cancer. If abnormal cells are found, doctors perform an HPV test to identify whether the strain is low or high risk. A positive result does not mean cancer but indicates an increased risk. HPV infection is less common in women over 30 years old, but when it occurs, it carries a higher risk of cervical cancer. Therefore, regular gynecological exams are important.
To prevent HPV, individuals should complete the recommended vaccination regimen appropriate for their age and avoid sexual contact with partners who have genital warts. Correct condom use helps reduce risk, but HPV can still spread through skin-to-skin contact, offering incomplete protection. Women should undergo cervical cancer screening from 21 years old and continue until 65 years old.
Anh Ngoc (According to Healthline)
