Flashing lights in the eyes, medically known as photopsia, describe the perception of flickering or fleeting light. These visual disturbances can manifest as lightning streaks, shimmering lights, floaters, or bright spots. Often, photopsia results from the natural aging process, specifically when the vitreous gel contracts and separates from the back of the eye, a condition called posterior vitreous detachment. However, these flashes can also signal serious underlying health issues.

While posterior vitreous detachment is common with aging, other retinal problems present more serious concerns. Retinal detachment or a retinal tear, for instance, occurs if fluid leaks behind the retina, or if scar tissue pulls on the retina, causing flashes and potentially separating the retina from the back of the eye. Similarly, vitreous hemorrhage stemming from diabetic retinopathy involves blood leaking from vessels, which scars the retina and leads to flashes or even detachment.

Beyond retinal conditions, several systemic or neurological issues can cause photopsia. Histoplasmosis, a lung infection, may spread to the eyes, resulting in vision problems and flashes. A transient ischemic attack (TIA), characterized by a temporary blockage of blood flow in the brain, can also induce stroke-like symptoms, including visual disturbances. Choroidal neovascularization involves abnormal blood vessel growth in the choroid layer, which leaks fluid and blood, damaging the retina and leading to vision loss, blurred vision, and flashes. Epileptic seizures, marked by abnormal electrical activity in the brain, can affect the optic nerve, causing the sensation of internal flashes. Optic nerve damage itself, which transmits visual information to the brain, can directly cause flashing lights. Additionally, HIV weakens the immune system, increasing the risk of eye infections and complications that impact vision, sometimes manifesting as flashes.

Certain medications, particularly those for malaria, rheumatoid arthritis, or other autoimmune diseases, are also linked to episodes of flashing lights. While occasional flashes may not require intervention, frequent or persistent photopsia warrants an examination by an eye specialist for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Bao Bao (According to Very Well Health)