Cholesterol is an essential fat for the body, playing a role in cell structure and hormone production. However, persistently high blood cholesterol negatively impacts health.

Plaque formation

According to Times of India, elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL), often called "bad cholesterol," can gradually lead to cholesterol accumulation in artery walls. As plaque forms, artery walls thicken and harden, narrowing the vessel and impeding blood circulation.

When blood flow through the arteries decreases, organs supplied by these vessels receive less oxygen. Plaque can also rupture, creating conditions for blood clot formation, which can cause acute vascular obstruction.

Increased risk of coronary artery disease

If plaque develops in the coronary arteries, which supply oxygen to the heart muscle, blood flow to the heart becomes restricted. Patients often experience chest pain or tightness when the heart works harder, such as during physical activity.

If an artery suddenly becomes blocked by a blood clot forming on plaque, the patient may suffer a myocardial infarction, an acute and severe complication of coronary artery disease.

Increased stroke risk

Atherosclerosis (plaque formation) can affect not only heart-supplying blood vessels but also arteries that deliver blood to the brain. Plaque narrowing the vessel or a blood clot causing vascular obstruction can prevent a part of the brain from receiving adequate blood and oxygen, leading to an ischemic stroke. This risk depends on various factors, including age, blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, and dyslipidemia (lipid metabolism disorder). Therefore, high cholesterol must be assessed alongside all cardiovascular risk factors rather than in isolation.

A diverse, balanced diet can help improve cholesterol levels. *Photo: Bui Thuy*

Impact on leg arteries

According to WebMD, plaque can also accumulate in the arteries supplying blood to the legs, leading to peripheral artery disease. When blood vessels narrow, patients often experience pain, fatigue, or a heavy sensation in their legs while walking, which subsides with rest. In severe cases, insufficient blood flow to the limbs can cause pain even at rest or result in slow-healing lesions.

One significant challenge with high cholesterol is that patients often do not experience symptoms in the early stages. Many individuals only discover their condition during a health check-up or after developing cardiovascular disease.

Upon discovering high cholesterol, patients should consult a doctor to determine the cause, risk level, and treatment goals. Dietary changes should focus on reducing saturated and trans fats, and increasing vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and fiber sources. Regular exercise, weight management, and avoiding smoking are all beneficial for cardiovascular health.

Le Nguyen (Compiled)