Hypertension occurs when the force of blood against artery walls is consistently high. This increased pressure forces the heart to work harder and strains blood vessels throughout the body. Hypertension is diagnosed when blood pressure measured at a clinic is 140/90 mmHg or higher. Prehypertension is indicated by readings around 120-139/80-89 mmHg, while optimal blood pressure is below 120/80 mmHg.

Hypertension often progresses slowly with no clear symptoms. However, if left uncontrolled, it significantly increases the risk of complications such as heart disease, stroke, and kidney damage. While high blood pressure typically affects the heart, it can also negatively impact the eyes. The eyes contain a dense network of tiny blood vessels that are highly sensitive to pressure. Prolonged high blood pressure can damage these delicate structures, leading to various eye symptoms and potentially severe vision loss.

Early signs of hypertension in the eyes include narrowed or twisted retinal arteries, bleeding or fluid leakage from damaged blood vessels, optic nerve swelling, and cotton wool spots due to reduced blood flow.

When blood pressure is excessively high, normal blood flow can be disrupted, leading to complications such as hypertensive retinopathy. This condition involves damaged retinal blood vessels, causing blurred vision, bleeding, and even permanent vision loss. Other potential complications include:

- Macular edema: Fluid accumulation in the macula causes swelling and distortion.

- Reduced blood flow: This particularly affects the retina and optic nerve.

- Retinal detachment: The retina can detach from its supporting tissue, negatively impacting vision.

- Blindness: Severe, prolonged high blood pressure can lead to permanent vision loss.

- Ischemic optic neuropathy: Reduced blood flow to the optic nerve causes sudden vision changes.

Hypertension also increases the risk of retinal artery occlusion, retinal vein occlusion, and diabetes-related eye complications. Individuals with a family history of hypertension or those experiencing eye symptoms should undergo a comprehensive eye examination. An ophthalmologist can detect early signs of damage.

Bao Bao (According to Times of India)